In a modern household, WiFi is often used exclusively, but sometimes network devices are also connected to a local network with Ethernet cables, and in this case switches or hubs are needed. In the current world, hubs are no longer widely used, but let's also familiarize ourselves with them a little, as they are interesting from a historical cybersecurity perspective.

Hubs are simple network devices that act as traffic distributors. When a hub receives a data packet from one port, it sends it to all other ports. This means that all devices connected to the network receive the same message.

This poses an obvious challenge to cybersecurity. Since hubs forward all incoming data packets to all ports, devices on the network can intercept and read messages that are not intended for them. This is called network traffic monitoring or sniffing. Hubs, therefore, do not provide any protection or isolation between devices on the network.

Switches are more advanced network devices. The switch analyzes the MAC address of incoming data packets and determines which port they should be sent to. This enables sending targeted messages only to the correct recipient, reducing congestion and improving network performance. Switches also keep track of the MAC addresses and their locations in the network topology, which enhances network management. Switches also learn the location of new devices in the network based on data packets (i.e., the switch port behind which the device is found).


Switches are thus the solution to the security problems of hubs. Because switches send data packets only to targeted ports, they restrict the spread of messages throughout the network. This improves network security, as devices cannot intercept or read messages that are not intended for them. Or can they? We will revisit this in a future module.

In a modern household, WiFi is often used exclusively, but sometimes network devices are also connected to a local network with Ethernet cables, and in this case switches or hubs are needed. In the current world, hubs are no longer widely used, but let's also familiarize ourselves with them a little, as they are interesting from a historical cybersecurity perspective.

## Hubs

Hubs are simple network devices that act as traffic distributors. When a hub receives a data packet from one port, it sends it to all other ports. This means that all devices connected to the network receive the same message.

This poses an obvious challenge to cybersecurity. Since hubs forward all incoming data packets to all ports, devices on the network can intercept and read messages that are not intended for them. This is called network traffic monitoring or sniffing. Hubs, therefore, do not provide any protection or isolation between devices on the network.

![](sanity:image-dc96721099da92bfe13a2ebbae58ea407480c35c-496x328-png)

*Image: Wikipedia*

---

## Switches

Switches are more advanced network devices. The switch analyzes the MAC address of incoming data packets and determines which port they should be sent to. This enables sending targeted messages only to the correct recipient, reducing congestion and improving network performance. Switches also keep track of the MAC addresses and their locations in the network topology, which enhances network management. Switches also learn the location of new devices in the network based on data packets (i.e., the switch port behind which the device is found).

Switches are thus the solution to the security problems of hubs. Because switches send data packets only to targeted ports, they restrict the spread of messages throughout the network. This improves network security, as devices cannot intercept or read messages that are not intended for them. Or can they? We will revisit this in a future module.

![](sanity:image-08967ffcef409693f294d9946cb984554df405a0-998x402-png)

---

## Test your knowledge

@exercise 03152a85e6e4


Hubs and switches

Let's get to know computer networks and network protocols in a little more depth than the basic course. A prerequisite for getting by, for example, with Nmap and Wireshark courses.

Let's delve a little deeper into computer networks and network protocols, beyond the basics of the introductory course. A prerequisite for this is, for example, proficiency in Nmap and Wireshark courses.

Hubs and switches

Hubs

Learn to hack — start here